Types of Mutual Fund Schemes

Before 2017, AMCs launched schemes with fancy names that made it nearly impossible for investors to compare funds. Two "large-cap" funds from the same AMC could have completely different mandates. SEBI's 36-category framework ensures clear definitions, prevents scheme proliferation, and allows investors to make genuine comparisons across AMCs. For distributors, this is a significant advantage — it enables confident communication to clients about what a fund will and will not do. Note: From April 2026, the framework expands to 40 categories under the new SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations.

No. Under SEBI categorization, each AMC can offer only one scheme per category. The exceptions are Index Funds, ETFs, and Fund of Funds where multiple schemes tracking different indices are permitted. So an AMC can have one Nifty 50 Index Fund and one Nifty Next 50 Index Fund, but only one actively managed Large Cap fund.

AMCs were given time to either merge non-conforming schemes into the defined categories or wind them up. This led to a massive wave of scheme mergers in 2018-2019. For example, an AMC that had three separate large-cap-style funds had to merge them into one. Investors were given exit options without exit load during the merger period.

AMFI (Association of Mutual Funds in India) publishes a list classifying all listed stocks into Large Cap (top 100 by full market capitalization), Mid Cap (101st to 250th), and Small Cap (251st and below). This list is updated semi-annually based on average market capitalization data. All AMCs must follow this list for determining compliance with category-wise allocation norms.

Index Funds, ETFs, and Fund of Funds are exceptions to the one-scheme-per-category rule. An AMC can offer multiple Index Funds tracking different indices (Nifty 50, Nifty Next 50, Nifty Midcap 150, etc.) and multiple ETFs. However, each actively managed category is still limited to one scheme per AMC.

This is the most commonly confused topic. Flexi Cap requires minimum 65% in equity with NO mandatory split across market caps — the fund manager has complete freedom. Multi Cap requires minimum 75% in equity with a MANDATORY minimum of 25% each in large cap, mid cap, and small cap. Flexi Cap = freedom; Multi Cap = forced diversification. Remember this distinction — it appears in almost every NISM mock test.

In September 2020, SEBI noticed that most Multi Cap funds were holding 70-80% in large caps and very little in small caps, defeating the purpose of diversification. SEBI then mandated the 25-25-25 rule for Multi Cap funds. AMCs that did not want to increase small cap exposure reclassified their schemes as Flexi Cap. This is why Flexi Cap became a separate category — it was born out of the Multi Cap controversy.

For a new investor with limited market experience, starting with a Large Cap fund is generally advisable because the portfolio is anchored in well-established companies with lower volatility. Once the investor is comfortable with market fluctuations (usually after experiencing one correction), Flexi Cap can be introduced for its dynamic allocation. A common mistake distributors make is putting first-time investors directly into small cap funds — the first 20% drawdown panics them out of mutual funds entirely.